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Scripture

Scripture is the Bible composed of many books and letters

Scripture is really the book of the Bible, which is actually a composite of many books and letters. It is basically divided into two main divisions - the Old and the New Testament. The Old Testament Scripture is borrowed from the Hebrew scripture. The New Testament Scripture are accounts on the life and teachings of Christ and was originally written in Greek. We must remember that none of the original manuscripts of the New Testament scripture have survived. We do not have direct copies of those original manuscripts. There are a group of manuscripts that were found in 1947 in caves near the Dead Sea. These are called the Dead Sea Scrolls. One important thing about these manuscripts is that they refer to Hebrew scripture several centuries older than what we know of now. Also, they give some information on the Jewish beliefs and practices around the time of Jesus. However, we really do not have direct access to the original manuscripts of Scripture. What we have are copies of copies. And as in any copy, even in Scripture - there may have been errors, additions, unintended deletions, and much more.


Main types of text now recognized

Just food for the biblical mind, here are a bit of information on the main types of text that have developed into the Scripture we know of.
  • The Alexandrian text - found throughout the Eastern church
  • The Byzantine text - also called Syrian, Antiochene, Koine, and Received (Textus Receptus); predominated in the Byzantine world
  • Western text - refers to all pre-Byzantine, non-Alexandrian readings; it refers more properly to the Graeco-Latin manuscripts of western Europe
  • The Syriac text - widely circulated in Syria in the Syriac language
  • The Caesarean text - originated in Egypt, as early as the second century

Translations and versions of the Scripture

The Old Testament is originally in Hebrew. It was translated together with the New Testament scripture into Latin by St. Jerome, calling the whole translation, the Vulgate. It is called Vulgate from the Latin meaning of "the language of the common people" because Latin was the common language during the time of St. Jerome. The Old Testament scripture also was translated into the Greek Septuagint - meaning 70-72 learned elders were commissioned to prepare this translation.

The above are ancient translations. When the Scripture was taken to people who did not speak Greek, it had to be translated again. These other newer translations are called "versions" of the Scripture. Some biblical scholars refer to these Scripture versions as being mainly three: the Latin, the Syriac, and the Coptic (Sahidic and Bohairic). Other versions of less value from a textual point of view are: Ethiopic, the Gothic, the Armenian, the Georgian, the Arabic, the Slavonic, and the Persian.

There are now modern translations of the Scripture. And for those who are into bible study, these translations are already familiar to them. We have the Jerusalem Bible, New American Bible, Revised Standard Version, The Good News Bible and the Christian Community Bible. These modern translations are in English. As of now, we have heard that there are even newer versions of these classic translations of the Scripture. But to give a fairly good idea of what these translations of the Scripture are good for, these are some of the suggestions of the bible scholars:
  • The Revised Standard Version (and the New RSV) are good for bible study and scholarship because the translated scripture is literal, and as close to the original meaning of the original text.
  • The New American Bible is used in our Eucharistic liturgy and in the celebration of the sacraments. It is a version of the scripture which many use for prayer and for meditation. The English in this translation of the Scripture is very much improved from the Revised Standard Version since its objective is more for the use of the liturgy.
  • The Jerusalem Bible is a cross between the Revised Standard Version and the New American Bible. Many scripture scholars prefer much the Jerusalem bible because it is not only good for study but it is also good for prayer and meditation. And not only this, this scripture translation has a very good and excellent set of footnotes from which you can refer for certain terms or references to other parts of the scripture.
  • The Good News Bible is perhaps the peoples' bible. Its English is very simple and will be good for group sharing or prayer meetings. It can be used individually also for one's prayer and meditation. The translation however is not as scholarly as the Revised Standard Version but the English is so simple and understandable that if ever you encounter a passage which you cannot understand in one translation of the Scripture, all you need to do is to go to a Good News Bible scripture translation and you will gain better understanding from the simple text and English.
  • The Christian Community Bible is very good for annotations and for its footnotes. It is a bible that is contextually written in the spirit of a socially conscious group of translators - especially those who have much experience being with the masses and the people who are marginalized, poor, and oppressed. This scripture translation is good for those who are into a lot of cause-oriented groups who advocate a better quality of life for the underprivileged.

Scripture is inspired writing

Many originally understood that God wrote the scripture. In a way, this is true. But a more scientific way of understanding this truth is that God authored the scripture by inspiring several writers to write His word according to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Since scripture is inspired writing, it must be treated with reverence and respect. It is not a historical or scientific writing. If it were considered as such then surely many historians and scientists will find many inconsistencies and errors of facts and truths and realities in the texts. But what the scripture is, is a book of faith. It gives us moral truths in the form of myths, stories, parables and many more literary forms that were used in the earliest centuries to convey a wisdom and a truth. So, the scripture as inspired writing conveys wisdom and truth, not facts and data. This must be realized in order to differentiate the scripture as a book of faith and morals.

Scripture is a revelation of God's love for us

Scripture does not only give us wisdom and truth but more essentially, it is a book that reveals to us how much God loves His people - His chosen people Israel and how He guided them to the land of promise. After the covenant God made with Israel, which Israel transgressed many times and have broken in many ways, God renewed it again through the person of His only Son, Jesus Christ. Thus, God continues to reveal His love for us by giving us His only Son Jesus to redeem us from our sinfulness and our unredeemed nature. Every book of the scripture is thus witnessing to how much God shows His love to us through the three divisions of the Old Testament Scripture: the Law and historical books, the Prophets, and the Wisdom Literature. And He even more shows how intense this love is through the 27 books and letters of the New Testament - an account of how Jesus loved and taught us how to love.

The Scripture we now use is canonical

By canonical, it means that the Catholic church has declared the book to be really inspired by God. There are also other books which are extant but are not canonical - meaning they are not included in the present canon of scripture. Below is a listing of some of these noncanonical gospels:
  • Gospel of Ebionites
  • Gospel of the Hebrews
  • Gospel of the Egyptians
  • Gospel of the Naassenes
  • Gospel of the Nazaraeans
  • Gospel of Peter
  • Acts of Philip
  • Gospel of Thomas

Uses of the Scripture

As we know, the sources of our Catholic faith are found in three basic things: Scripture, Church teaching and Tradition. Therefore, Scripture places a very high importance in living our Christian faith. One main and official use of scripture is in our liturgies, especially in the Eucharist. It is also used in the celebration of the other sacraments and in many para-liturgies that are composed for specific situations. Scripture is also used for study and for learning how to apply the teaching of Christ in our lives through bible sharing groups and prayer meetings. And as individuals having a personal relationship with God, Scripture is also important in deepening and strengthening our relationship with our Creator and Resurrected Lord.

Other articles in this website you can refer to

There are other articles in this website on scripture which you can also refer to. These are the following:
A glossary on Old Testament Terms - On the Torah
A glossary on New Testament Terms - Christian Life Guide
Catholic Bible Study
Lectio Divina
Primer on the Bible
The Gospel
Organizing a Simple Bible Sharing Group
What is the Basic Structure and Divisions in the Bible?
Who Do You Say That I Am?
Understanding the Gospel of Matthew
Understanding the Gospel of Luke
Source Composition and Structure of the Torah
The Psalms






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